第一先評估手術出血風險
高度出血風險之手術 (30-day risk of major bleed
>=2%) |
低至中度出血風險之手術 (30-day
risk of major bleed 0~2%) |
●
癌症手術,特指固體腫瘤切除,如肺部、食道、胃、結腸、肝膽、胰臟 (Cancer
surgery, especially solid tumor resection) ● 大型骨科手術,包括肩關節置換手術 (Major orthopedic
surgery, including shoulder replacement surgery) ● 大型胸腔手術 (Major thoracic surgery) ● 重建性整形手術 (Reconstructive plastic
surgery) ● 泌尿或消化道手術,特別是吻合手術 (Urologic or
gastrointestinal surgery, especially anastomosis surgery) ● 經尿道前列腺切除,膀胱切除或腫瘤消融術 (Transurethral
prostate resection, bladder resection, or tumor ablation) ● 腎臟切除/腎臟切片 (Nephrectomy, kidney biopsy) ● 結腸息肉切除 (Colonic polyp resection) ● 腸道切除 (Bowel resection) ● 經皮內視鏡胃造口術,內視鏡逆行性膽胰管攝影 (Percutaneous
endoscopic gastrostomy placement, ERCP ) ● 高灌流器官(腎臟、肝臟、脾臟)手術 (Surgery in highly
vascular organs (kidneys, liver, spleen)) ● 心臟,顱內或脊椎手術 (Cardiac, intracranial, or
spinal surgery) ● 任何大型手術,手術時間 ≥ 45 分鐘 (Any major
operation wtih procedure duration ≥ 45 minutes) ● 神經軸麻醉 (Neuraxial anaesthesia) ●
硬脊膜外注射 (Epidural
injections) |
● 腳/手手術 (Foot/hand surgery) ● 痔瘡手術 (Hemorrhoidal surgery) ● 腹部子宮切除術 (Abdominal hysterectomy) ● 腹腔鏡膽囊切除術 (Laparoscopic cholecystectomy) ● 腹股溝疝氣修補 (Abdominal hernia repair) ● 支氣管鏡切片 (Bronchoscopy – biopsy) ● 結腸鏡切片 (Colonoscopy – biopsy) ● 皮膚/淋巴結切片 (Cutaneous/lymph node
biopsies) ● 消化道內視鏡切片 (Gastrointestinal endoscopy –
biopsy) ● 關節鏡檢查 (Arthroscopy) ● 經股動脈冠狀動脈造影 (Coronary angiography by
femoral artery approach) |
微出血風險之手術 (30-day
risk of major bleed ~0%) |
|
●
小型皮膚科手術,切除基底細胞和鱗狀細胞皮膚癌,光化性角化症,以及癌前或癌性皮膚痣。
(Minor dermatologic procedures (excision of basal and squamous cell
skin cancers, actinic keratoses, and premalignant or cancerous skin nevi)) ● 眼科手術 ,如白內障手術 (Ophthalmological cataract
procedures) ● 小型牙科手術 (拔牙,修復,假牙,根管治療)、洗牙、牙部填充 (Minor
dental procedures such as dental extractions, restorations, prosthetics,
endodontics; dental cleanings, fillings) ● 心律調節器或植入式心律整流除顫器 (Pacemaker or
cardioverter-defibrillator device implantation) ● 經橈動脈冠狀動脈造影 (Coronary angiography by
radial artery approach) ● 選定病人需胃腸道內視鏡檢查和結腸鏡切片 (Selected patients
requiring screening gastrointestinal endoscopy and colonoscopy-biopsy) |
第二評估病人的血栓風險
手術期間血栓風險 (ACCP, UpToDate)
|
|||
抗凝血劑適應症
|
|||
機械性心臟瓣膜
Mechanical Heart Valve
|
心房顫動
Atrial Fibrillation
|
靜脈栓塞
VTE
|
|
• Mitral valve prosthesis
• Cage-ball or tilting disc aortic valve prosthesis
• CVA/TIA < 6 mons prior
|
• CHA2DS2-VASc score ≥ 6 (or CHADS2 score 5-6)
• CVA/TIA < 3 mons prior
• Rheumatic valvular heart disease
|
• VTE < 3 mons prior
• Severe thrombophilia(易血栓形成體質)†
|
|
• Bileaflet aortic valve and other risk factors‡
|
• CHA2DS2-VASc score 4-5 (or CHADS2 score 3- 4)
|
• VTE 3–12 mons prior
• Nonsevere thrombophilia§
• Recurrent VTE
• Active cancer (treated within 6 mons or palliative)
|
|
• Bileaflet aortic valve without other risk factors for stroke
|
• CHA2DS2-VASc score 2-3 (or CHADS2 score 0-2 without prior CVA/TIA)
|
• VTE >12 mons prior without other risk factors
|
• VTE >12 mons prior without other risk factors
|
CHADS2
|
Adjusted stroke rate (%/year)
|
||
1 point
|
糖尿病心臟衰竭
高血壓
年齡 ≥75
|
Total Points (總點數)
0: 1.9%
1: 2.8%
2: 4.0%
3: 5.9%
|
4: 8.5%
5: 12.5%
6: 18.2%
|
2 points
|
中風 (Stroke), 短暫性腦缺血 (TIA), 或 全身栓塞(systemic embolism)
|
||
CHA2DS2-VASc
|
Annual stroke rate (%/year)
|
||
1 point
|
心臟衰竭
高血壓
糖尿病
|
Total Points
0: 0%
1: 1.3%
2: 2.2%
3: 3.2%
4: 4.0%
|
5: 6.7%
6: 9.8%
7: 9.6%
8: 12.5%
9: 15.2%
|
2 points
|
年齡 ≥75
中風, 短暫性腦缺血(TIA), 或 全身性栓塞(systemic embolism)
|
||
1 point
|
血管疾病 (MI, PAD, aortic atheroma)
年齡 65 to 74 歲
性別 女性
|
三. Anticoagulants- 手術期間之處置 (病人的用藥)
表一 : 抗凝血劑 (Anticoagulants) 手術期間之處置 [1][2]
口服 |
手術相關出血風險
[a] |
手術前天數 |
手術日 Day 0 |
手術後天數 |
|||||||||
D-6 |
D-5 |
D-4 |
D-3 |
D-2 |
D-1 |
Day+1 |
D+2 |
D+3 |
D+4 |
D+5 |
|||
Warfarin (高血栓風險) [b] |
高風險 |
|
(術前5天停藥)- |
|
(術後下午開始服用 或 Day+1 開始服用) |
||||||||
|
Bridging-LMWH
[c] |
|
Bridging-LMWH
[c] |
|
|||||||||
低至中風險 |
|
(術前5天停藥)- |
|
(術後下午開始服用 或 Day+1 開始服用) |
|||||||||
|
Bridging-LMWH
[c] |
|
Bridging-LMWH
[c] |
|
|||||||||
Warfarin (低血栓風險) [b] |
高風險 |
|
(術前5天停藥,不須做LMWH bridging) |
|
(術後下午開始服用 或 Day+1 開始服用) |
||||||||
低至中風險 |
|
(術前5天停藥,不須做LMWH bridging) |
|
(術後下午開始服用 或 Day+1 開始服用) |
|||||||||
Apixaban |
高風險 |
|
(術前2天停藥)- |
|
(術後48-72小時後開始服用) |
||||||||
低至中風險 |
|
(術前1天停藥) |
|
(術後24小時後開始服用) |
|||||||||
Edoxaban |
高風險 |
|
(術前2天停藥)- |
|
(術後48-72小時後開始服用) |
||||||||
低至中風險 |
|
(術前1天停藥)- |
|
(術後24小時後開始服用) |
|||||||||
Rivaroxaban |
高風險 |
|
(術前2天停藥)- |
|
(術後48-72小時後開始服用) |
||||||||
低至中風險 |
|
(術前1天停藥)- |
|
(術後24小時後開始服用) |
|||||||||
Dabigatran
(CrCL >= 50 mL/min) |
高風險 |
|
(術前2天停藥)- |
|
(術後48-72小時後開始服用) |
||||||||
低至中風險 |
|
(術前1天停藥)- |
|
(術後24小時後開始服用) |
|||||||||
Dabigatran
(CrCL < 50 mL/min) |
高風險 |
|
(術前4天停藥)- |
|
(術後48-72小時後開始服用) |
||||||||
低至中風險 |
|
(術前2天停藥)- |
|
(術後24小時後開始服用) |
|||||||||
[a] 手術出血風險詳見下表三,
高出血風險手術: 術後30天內之出血風險大於2%;低至中出血風險手術: 術後30天內之出血風險介於0~2%。
[b] 血栓風險之評估詳見下表四。
四. Antiplatelets- 手術期間之處置
表二 : 抗血小板劑 (Antiplatelets-1) 手術期間之處置 [1][2][3]
口服抗血小板劑
/(單用) [a] |
手術相關出血風險
[b] |
手術前天數 |
手術日 Day 0 |
手術後天數 |
|||||||||||
Day-8 |
D-7 |
D-6 |
D-5 |
D-4 |
D-3 |
D-2 |
D-1 |
D+1 |
D+2 |
D+3 |
D+4 |
||||
Aspirin (用於primary prevention) |
高風險 |
|
(術前7天停藥)- |
|
(術後24小時恢復用藥) |
||||||||||
低至中風險 |
(繼續用藥,圍術期不停藥) |
||||||||||||||
Aspirin (用於 2nd prevention) |
高風險 |
|
(續用與否,需評估出血後之後遺症嚴重程度,詳見[c]) |
(術後24小時恢復用藥) |
|||||||||||
低至中風險 |
(繼續用藥,圍術期不停藥) |
||||||||||||||
Clopidogrel |
高風險 |
|
(術前5天停藥)- |
|
(術後24小時恢復用藥)
[c] |
||||||||||
低至中風險 |
(繼續用藥,圍術期不停藥) |
||||||||||||||
Ticagrelor |
高風險 |
|
|
(術前3-5天停藥)- |
|
(術後24小時恢復用藥)
[c] |
|||||||||
低至中風險 |
(繼續用藥,圍術期不停藥) |
||||||||||||||
Prasugrel |
高風險 |
|
(術前7天停藥)- |
|
(術後24小時恢復用藥)
[c] |
||||||||||
低至中風險 |
(繼續用藥,圍術期不停藥 |
||||||||||||||
Ticlopidine |
高風險 |
|
(術前7~10天停藥)- |
|
(術後24小時恢復用藥)
[c] |
||||||||||
低至中風險 |
(繼續用藥,圍術期不停藥) |
||||||||||||||
[a] 關於DAPT
(Dual antiplatelet therapy)的建議詳見下流程圖一。
[b] 手術出血風險詳見下表三,
高出血風險手術: 術後30天內之出血風險大於2%;低至中出血風險手術: 術後30天內之出血風險介於0~2%。
表三 : 抗血小板劑 (Antiplatelets-2) 手術期間之處置 [1][3]
口服抗血小板劑 |
手術相關 |
手術前天數 |
手術日 Day 0 |
手術後天數 |
||||||
Day-5 |
D-4 |
D-3 |
D-2 |
D-1 |
D+1 |
D+2 |
D+3 |
|||
Dipyridamole |
高風險 |
|
(術前2天停藥)- |
|
(術後24小時恢復用藥)
|
|||||
低至中風險 |
(繼續用藥,圍術期不停藥) |
|||||||||
Cilostazol |
高風險 |
|
|
(術前2-3天停藥)- |
|
(術後24小時恢復用藥)
|
||||
低至中風險 |
(繼續用藥,圍術期不停藥) |
|||||||||
Ibuprofen, diclofenec, ketorolac |
高風險 |
|
(術前1天停藥)- |
|
(術後24小時恢復用藥)
|
|||||
低至中風險 |
(繼續用藥,圍術期不停藥) |
|||||||||
Indomethacin
|
高風險 |
|
(術前2天停藥)- |
|
(術後24小時恢復用藥)
|
|||||
低至中風險 |
(繼續用藥,圍術期不停藥) |
|||||||||
Naproxen, meloxicam |
高風險 |
|
|
(術前3-4天停藥)- |
|
(術後24小時恢復用藥)
|
||||
低至中風險 |
(繼續用藥,圍術期不停藥) |
|||||||||
Piroxicam |
高風險 |
(術前10天停藥)- |
|
(術後24小時恢復用藥)
|
||||||
低至中風險 |
(繼續用藥,圍術期不停藥) |
|||||||||
COX2 inhibitors
(celecoxib, parecoxib, etoricoxib) |
高風險 |
|
(可考慮不停藥) |
(術後24小時恢復用藥)
|
||||||
低至中風險 |
(繼續用藥,圍術期不停藥) |
|||||||||