泌尿生殖系統感染分為尿道感染、膀胱炎、腎盂腎炎、尿道炎、前列腺炎、附睾炎、骨盆腔炎（PID）、細菌性陰道炎、念珠菌感染 (酵母菌感染)、陰道毛滴蟲病。其診斷有賴於尿液化學分析。
|
Type
of Infection 感染類型 |
Definition 定義 |
Diagnosis 診斷 |
Symptoms 症狀 |
Common
Pathogens常見病原體 |
|
Urinary
Tract Infection (UTI)尿道感染 (UTI) |
Infection
affecting any part of the urinary system, including urethra, bladder,
ureters, and kidneys.影響泌尿系統任何部分的感染，包括尿道、膀胱、輸尿管和腎臟。 |
Urinalysis,
urine culture.尿液分析，尿液培養。 |
Dysuria,
frequent urination, urgency, suprapubic pain, hematuria. 排尿困難、頻尿、尿急、恥骨上疼痛、血尿。 |
Escherichia
coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Proteus mirabilis. |
|
Cystitis膀胱炎 |
Inflammation
of the bladder, often due to infection. 膀胱炎，通常由感染引起。 |
Urinalysis,
urine culture.尿液分析，尿液培養。 |
Dysuria,
frequent urination, urgency, suprapubic discomfort. 排尿困難、頻尿、尿急、耻骨上不適。 |
Escherichia
coli, Staphylococcus saprophyticus. |
|
Pyelonephritis腎盂腎炎 |
Infection
of the kidneys, typically from ascending UTI. 腎臟感染，通常來自上行尿道感染。 |
Urinalysis,
urine culture, blood tests, imaging studies. 尿液分析、尿液培養、血液檢查、影像學檢查。 |
Flank
pain, fever, chills, nausea, vomiting, dysuria. 側腹痛、發燒、寒顫、噁心、嘔吐、排尿困難。 |
Escherichia
coli, Proteus mirabilis, Klebsiella pneumoniae. |
|
Urethritis尿道炎 |
Inflammation
of the urethra, often caused by infection.尿道炎，通常由感染引起。 |
Urinalysis,
urethral swab, nucleic acid amplification tests (NAATs). |
Dysuria,
urethral discharge, itching or irritation at the urethral opening.排尿困難、尿道分泌物、尿道開口癢或刺激。 |
Chlamydia
trachomatis, Neisseria gonorrhoeae, Mycoplasma genitalium. |
|
Prostatitis 前列腺炎 |
Inflammation
of the prostate gland, which can be acute or chronic. 前列腺的炎症，可能是急性的或慢性的。 |
Digital
rectal exam, urinalysis, urine culture, prostate secretion analysis. 指診直腸檢查、尿液分析、尿液培養、前列腺分泌物分析。 |
Pelvic
or perineal pain, dysuria, urinary frequency, fever (in acute cases).骨盆或會陰疼痛、排尿困難、尿頻、發燒（在急性病例中）。 |
Escherichia
coli, Klebsiella species, Proteus species.大腸桿菌、克雷伯氏菌屬、變形菌屬。 |
|
Epididymitis 附睾炎 |
Inflammation
of the epididymis, often due to infection. 附睾炎，通常由感染引起。 |
Physical
examination, urinalysis, urine culture, ultrasound. 身體檢查、尿液分析、尿液培養、超音波檢查。 |
Scrotal
pain and swelling, fever, dysuria.陰囊疼痛和腫脹，發燒，排尿困難。 |
Chlamydia
trachomatis, Neisseria gonorrhoeae, Escherichia coli. |
|
Pelvic
Inflammatory Disease (PID)骨盆腔炎（PID） |
Infection
of the female reproductive organs, including the uterus, fallopian tubes, and
ovaries. 女性生殖器官的感染，包括子宮、輸卵管和卵巢。 |
Pelvic
examination, cervical swabs, NAATs, ultrasound. 骨盆檢查、子宮頸採檢、NAATs、超音波檢查。 |
Lower
abdominal pain, fever, abnormal vaginal discharge, pain during intercourse.下腹痛、發燒、異常陰道分泌物、性交時疼痛。 |
Chlamydia
trachomatis, Neisseria gonorrhoeae, anaerobes, Mycoplasma genitalium.沙眼衣原體、淋病奈瑟菌、厭氧菌、生殖道支原體。 |
|
Bacterial
Vaginosis細菌性陰道炎 |
Overgrowth
of certain bacteria in the vagina, disrupting normal balance.陰道內某些細菌的過度生長，擾亂正常平衡。 |
Vaginal
swab, microscopy, pH testing. 陰道採檢，顯微鏡檢查，pH 測試。 |
Thin,
grayish-white vaginal discharge with a fishy odor.稀薄的灰白色陰道分泌物伴有魚腥味。 |
Gardnerella
vaginalis, Atopobium vaginae, Mobiluncus species.Gardnerella vaginalis,
Atopobium vaginae, Mobiluncus 物種。 |
|
Candidiasis
(Yeast Infection)念珠菌感染 (酵母菌感染) |
Fungal
infection of the genital area.生殖區域的真菌感染。 |
Vaginal
swab, microscopy, culture. 陰道採檢，顯微鏡檢查，培養。 |
Itching,
burning, thick white discharge, redness, and swelling of the vulva.癢、灼熱、濃稠的白色分泌物、紅腫和外陰部腫脹。 |
Candida
albicans.白色念珠菌。 |
|
Trichomoniasis陰道毛滴蟲病 |
Sexually
transmitted infection caused by a protozoan parasite.由原生動物寄生蟲引起的性傳播感染。 |
Wet mount microscopy, NAATs, rapid antigen tests. |
Frothy,
greenish-yellow vaginal discharge with a foul odor, itching, burning during
urination.泡沫狀、帶綠黃色的陰道分泌物，伴有惡臭、癢感，排尿時有灼熱感。 |
Trichomonas
vaginalis.陰道毛滴蟲。 |
Urinalysis (UA) Components and Their Purpose
1. Physical Examination (Macroscopic Analysis)
|
Component |
Purpose |
Abnormal Findings &
Possible Indications |
|
Color顏色 |
Indicates hydration status, presence of blood, or
metabolic conditions.指示水合狀態、血液存在或代謝狀況。 |
Dark yellow (dehydration), red/pink (hematuria,
myoglobinuria), brown/black (bilirubin, alkaptonuria), milky
(chyluria, pus, phosphate crystals).深黃色（脫水）、紅色/粉紅色（血尿、肌紅蛋白尿）、棕色/黑色（膽紅素、黑尿症）、乳白色（乳糜尿、膿、磷酸鹽結晶）。 |
|
Clarity (Turbidity) 清晰度（濁度） |
Assesses urine transparency; cloudy urine may
indicate infection or crystalluria. 評估尿液透明度；混濁的尿液可能表示感染或結晶尿。 |
Cloudy (UTI, phosphate crystals, pus, bacteria), foamy
(proteinuria, bile salts). 雲狀（尿路感染、磷酸鹽結晶、膿、細菌），泡沫狀（蛋白尿、膽鹽）。 |
|
Odor氣味 |
Some diseases alter urine odor. 某些疾病會改變尿液的氣味。 |
Fruity/sweet (ketonuria, diabetes), foul-smelling (UTI,
bacterial overgrowth), maple syrup odor (Maple Syrup Urine Disease). 水果味/甜味（酮尿症，糖尿病），臭味（尿路感染，細菌過度生長），楓糖漿氣味（楓糖漿尿症）。 |
2. Chemical Analysis (Dipstick Test)
|
Component |
Purpose |
Abnormal Findings &
Possible Indications |
|
pH |
Measures acidity/alkalinity (normal: 4.5–8.0).測量酸/鹼度（正常範圍：4.5–8.0）。 |
Low (acidic): Acidosis, starvation, ketoacidosis. High
(alkaline): UTI, renal tubular acidosis, vegetarian diet. 低（酸性）：酸中毒、飢餓、酮酸中毒。 高（鹼性）：尿路感染、腎小管酸中毒、素食飲食。 |
|
Specific Gravity (SG)比重 |
Indicates urine concentration and kidney function
(normal: 1.005–1.030). 指示尿液濃度和腎功能（正常值：1.005–1.030）。 |
Low (<1.005): Diabetes insipidus, overhydration, renal
failure. High (>1.030): Dehydration, SIADH, proteinuria. 低 (<1.005)：尿崩症、過度水合、腎衰竭。 高 (>1.030)：脫水、抗利尿激素分泌異常、蛋白尿。 |
|
Protein蛋白質 |
Screens for kidney disease and proteinuria
(normal: negative to trace). 腎病和蛋白尿的篩檢（正常：陰性至微量）。 |
Positive: Nephrotic syndrome, glomerulonephritis,
preeclampsia, multiple myeloma (Bence-Jones proteins). 陽性：腎病綜合症，腎小球腎炎，妊娠高血壓，多發性骨髓瘤（Bence-Jones proteins）。 |
|
Glucose葡萄糖 |
Detects glucosuria, usually due to diabetes
mellitus (normal: negative). 檢測尿糖，通常由於糖尿病引起（正常：陰性）。 |
Positive: Diabetes, pregnancy, renal tubular dysfunction. 陽性：糖尿病、懷孕、腎小管功能障礙。 |
|
Ketones酮 |
Indicates fat metabolism and energy use (normal:
negative). 表示脂肪代謝和能量使用（正常：陰性）。 |
Positive: Diabetic ketoacidosis, starvation, alcoholism. (糖尿病酮症酸中毒、饑餓、酗酒。) |
|
Blood (Hematuria test) 血液（血尿測試） |
Screens for RBCs or hemoglobin in urine (normal: negative). 尿液中的紅血球或血紅蛋白篩檢（正常：陰性）。 |
Positive: UTI, kidney stones, trauma, glomerulonephritis,
hemolysis. (尿道感染、腎結石、創傷、腎小球腎炎、溶血。) |
|
Leukocyte Esterase白血球酯酶 |
Indicates WBCs in urine, suggesting infection
(normal: negative).表示尿液中的白血球，暗示感染（正常：陰性）。 |
Positive: UTI, pyelonephritis, prostatitis.陽性：尿道感染、腎盂腎炎、前列腺炎。 |
|
Nitrites亞硝酸鹽 |
Detects bacteria that convert nitrates to nitrites
(normal: negative).檢測將硝酸鹽轉化為亞硝酸鹽的細菌（正常：陰性）。 |
Positive: UTI (especially E. coli, Klebsiella).陽性：尿道感染（特別是大腸桿菌、克雷伯氏菌）。 |
|
Bilirubin 膽紅素 |
Screens for liver disease (normal: negative).肝病篩檢（正常：陰性）。 |
Positive: Hepatitis, liver cirrhosis, biliary obstruction.
陽性：肝炎、肝硬化、膽道阻塞。 |
|
Urobilinogen 尿膽素原 |
Byproduct of bilirubin metabolism, assesses liver
function (normal: <1.0 mg/dL). 膽紅素代謝的副產品，評估肝功能（正常值：< |
High: Hemolysis, liver disease. Low: Biliary obstruction. 高：溶血，肝病。低：膽道阻塞。 |
3. Microscopic Examination (Urine Sediment Analysis)3. 顯微鏡檢查（尿沉渣分析）
|
Component組件 |
Purpose目的 |
Abnormal Findings &
Possible Indications異常發現及可能指示 |
|
Red Blood Cells (RBCs) 紅血球 |
Detects hematuria and kidney damage (normal: 0–3
RBCs/HPF). 檢測血尿和腎臟損傷（正常：0–3 紅血球/高倍視野）。 |
Increased RBCs: Glomerulonephritis, kidney stones, UTI, trauma.增加的紅血球：腎小球腎炎、腎結石、尿道感染、創傷。 |
|
White Blood Cells (WBCs)白血球 |
Detects pyuria and infection (normal: 0–5
WBCs/HPF). 檢測膿尿和感染（正常值：0–5 WBCs/HPF）。 |
Increased WBCs: UTI, pyelonephritis, interstitial nephritis.增加的白血球：尿道感染、腎盂腎炎、間質性腎炎。 |
|
Epithelial Cells上皮細胞 |
Detects shedding from the urinary tract (normal:
few squamous cells).檢測尿道脫落物（正常：少量鱗狀細胞）。 |
Increased: Contamination (squamous cells), tubular damage
(renal tubular cells) 增加：污染（鱗狀細胞），管狀損傷（腎小管細胞）。 |
|
Casts |
Cylindrical particles formed in renal tubules,
indicating kidney disease. 腎小管中形成的圓柱形顆粒，顯示腎臟疾病。 |
Hyaline casts (normal, dehydration), RBC casts
(glomerulonephritis), WBC casts (pyelonephritis), granular/waxy
casts (chronic kidney disease). 透明管型（正常，脫水）、紅血球管型（腎小球腎炎）、白血球管型（腎盂腎炎）、顆粒/蠟樣管型（慢性腎病）。 |
|
|
Identifies metabolic or renal disorders.識別代謝或腎臟疾病。 |
Urate crystals (gout, acidic urine), calcium oxalate
(kidney stones), cystine crystals (cystinuria), triple phosphate
(alkaline urine, UTI). 尿酸晶體（痛風，酸性尿），草酸鈣（腎結石），胱氨酸晶體（胱氨酸尿症），三磷酸鹽（鹼性尿，尿路感染）。 |
|
Bacteria/Fungi細菌/真菌 |
Indicates infection.表示感染。 |
Bacteria: UTI. Fungi: Candida infection,
immunosuppression. |
|
Spermatozoa精子 |
Can be seen after ejaculation.射精後可見。 |
Abnormal presence: Retrograde ejaculation.異常情況：逆行射精。 |
|
Parasites寄生蟲 |
Indicates sexually transmitted infections.表示性傳播感染。 |
Trichomonas vaginalis (trichomoniasis).陰道毛滴蟲（陰道毛滴蟲病）。 |